Circuit Troubleshoot

Objectives:

1. Troubleshoot the short circuit after do the itching process
2. Troubleshoot the open circuit after do the itching process
3. To prevent short circuits when soldering components 

Procedure:

1.  After itching process is finished, testing do by to check the open circuit and short circuit.
2. There we use a multimeter the check the circuit.
3. On multimeter set it on 20 kilo ohm.
4. Connect red and black prob to the multimeter. Test a meter to make sure it working.
5. Touch the probe to the circuit and look at the indicator meter.
6.  If the circuit is broken, the circuit should be connected by using solder.
7. Then check the circuit again using multimeter.
8. If the circuit in short circuit, disconnect with a knife or any material.
9. Then check the circuit again using multimeter.
10. Schematic circuit is used as a reference during a test
11. Do the process until error vanish 

Analysis:

In this case, circuit we only have problems in short circuit and have no problem at open circuit. This is because, when printing on paper, sketch too close to the circuit between the connection. To solve that problem testing do and and which circuit have a short, it disconnect with a knife or any material. 

Conclusion:

Testing is very important to be done on the circuit after the itching or any wiring done at the circuit. This is to ensure that the circuit is in good condition and to avoid problems when the components is soldering. 

Test using Multimeter

Short Circuit Troubleshoot

 

Open Circuit Troubleshoot

 

Disconnect The Short Circuit

 Multimeter

P.C.B Board Itching For The Solar System

Objective: 

1. Preparing to construct the circuit by using P.C.B board
2. To make the arrangement of component before make a soldering

Procedure:

1. Photocopy the PCB layout (In Previous Report) in to  sheet using laser printer    
2. Attach the paper on the P.C.B board. The P.C.B. board avoid exposure to light.
3. Put transparent paper sheet and the photo-etch board into a UV exposure unit for 60 second.
4. Wash the developing using ferric chloride. Let the P.C.B in the acid and shake it till the circuit clear from copper that not needed on a board.
5. Transfer the PCB in to etching tank and do the operation for 4 minutes.
6. After finish on etching tank, scrub the P.C.B board using sand paper
7. Make sure the connection of PCB is in right continuity. 

Result and analysis:

• All the process of producing the PCB is done step by step
• To make sure circuit connected do the testing to circuit by using multimeter

Conclusion:

The method are used in this PCB process are essential so that no important steps are skipped. Skipping any of these may cause failure to the outcome of the project. The steps are done is to helped us troubleshoot the hardware and software if any complications should arise

 

  Transparent Paper 

 

 UV light

 

P.C.B board on ferric chloride  

 Etching Tank

 

Preparing To P.C.B Board Entching

Objectives:

1. To prepare the circuit before
2. To make the P.C.B layout
3. To confirm that p.c.b solar layout
4. To make sure that p.c.b layout correct before do the etching

Procedure:

1. Here we have two choice. First, design the P.C.B by using software(Diptrace). Second, by using p.c.b layout from magazine.
2. To facilitate the design process of making p.c.b circuit layout, there are examples in the magazine was edited according to the size needed   
3. Original size and shape to the left magazine during edit on the p.c.b circuit sizes must follow to determine what was in the magazine. This is to prevent the components such as IC can not enter.
4. Width of the circuit that edit or sketch is 38 mm. while the circuit is 51mm long.
5. After the editing process is made, the circuit print on the A4 paper. Double check circuit.
6. If the circuit was not clear print, color the circuit to avoid the circuit is broken when the circuit is print on transparent
7. After this process is complete then print paper had made ​​photocopy to the transparent paper.
8. If there have a problem on the transparent paper repeat the process for the second time. 

conclusion:

After all this process is made and has resulted in a complete p.c.b layout and all according to what is required then the next process can be done. The process is the process of etching the solar power   circuit                              

Print from the magazine

P.C.B that print on transparent paper

                                                                                                                                  

Different Between Component

There we have different between  from a same component that take from the magazine and after the component buy at store of 'Jalan Pasar'. The component is transistor (in circuit TR1). Transistor's serial number from magazine is TIPP31C npn and after buy they give transistor that have serial number give is TIP31C. The problem is, that both of transistor is the same component or other type of transistor? 

Transistor TIPP31C  Datasheet.

Name: TIPP31C

Material of transistor: Si

Polarity: npn

Maximum collector power dissipation (Pc): 800mW

Maximum collector-base voltage (Ucb): 100V

Maximum collector-emitter voltage (Uce): 100V

Maximum emitter-base voltage (Ueb): 5V

Maximum collector current (Ic max): 2A

Maximum junction temperature (Tj): 150°C

Transition frequency (ft):

Collector capacitance (Cc), Pf:

Forward current transfer ratio (hFE), min/max: 20T

Manufacturer of TIPP31C transistor: TI 

Package of TIPP31C transistor: TO92

Application: Medium Power, General Purpose

Transistor TIP31C Datasheet

DESCRIPTION
The UTC TIP31C is a NPN expitaxial planar transistor,
designed for using in general purpose amplifier and switching

Collector Base Voltage:100 V
Collector to Emitter Voltage: 100 V
Emitter To Base Voltage: 5 V
Collector Current(DC) IC: 3 A
Collector Current(Pulse) IC: 5 A
Base Current: 1 A
Collector Dissipation(Tc=25°C): 40 W
Collector Dissipation(Ta=25°C):2 W
Junction Temperature Tj: 150 °C
Storage Temperature: -65 ~ +150 °C

Buy The Component

Objective:

1. To search all the components and material use for project
2. Purchasing all the material
3. To recognize all the material that use in the project
4. Recognize the components codes   

Procedure: 

1. List all of solar power supply component before purchase
2. Confirm every unit all of component 
3. Do survey for price to the store and also from the internet.

Result and analysis:

• All the component are purchased

• The reason for why we have to recognize the codes of the component is to have a right component to construct the circuit 

Table of component list and price:

Component	Total	Price/RM
Resistor  180 ohm	1	0.10
Resistor 15M ohm	1	0.20
Resistor 100K ohm	1	1.30
Variable Resistor 1M ohm	1	0.50
Capacitor 1 F	1	13.00
Capacitor 470 microfarad	1	0.50
Transistor TIPP31C NPN	1	1.50
Zener diode 1W	1	0.10
Signal diode 1N4148	1	0.10
Transistor 2N3819	1	2.50
Solar Penal 6V-12V 1mW	1	28.00
P.C.B BOARD	1	10.00
TOTAL		57.7

Conclusion:

• After finish this week of activities, we are able to understand how to read all components’ code for constructing the circuit in the right way.

Component of Solar Power Supply

Objective:

1.  To make a list all of solar power supply component
2. To learn a main component of  the solar power supply
3. To find and to confirm quantity all of the component

Procedure:

1. List all of the component to construct  the solar power supply and all the quantity that will need

The component required for the solar project  was listed below:

BIL	COMPONENT	QUANTITY
01	RESISTOR 180 OHM	1
02	RESISTOR 15M OHM	1
03	RESISTOR 100K OHM	1
04	VARIABLE RESISTOR 1M OHM	1
05	CAPACITOR 1 FARAD	1
06	CAPACITOR 470 MICRO FARAD	1
07	TRANSISTOR TIPP31C NPN	1
08	ZENER DIODE 1WATT	1
09	SIGNAL DIODE 1N4148	1
10	TRANSISTOR 2N3819	1
11	SOLAR PENAL 6 V – 12 V 1mWatt	1
12	P.C.B BOARD	1

2. List all of the main component that use and study the function each of the component.
The Main Component

·         Solar Cell                              6V to 12V

·         Capacitor                               1f 5.6V d.c

·         Variable Resistor                 1M min

Solar Cell

Figure: this is figure of the solar cell 

Solar cell function: A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

Assemblies of cells used to make solar modules which are used to capture energy from sunlight, are known as solar panels. The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example of solar energy.

Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight.

Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light source is not necessarily sunlight. These are used for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, for example infrared detectors, or measurement of light intensity.

Capacitor 1 farad

Figure: figure above the example of the 1 farad capacitor.

Operation:

 Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.

The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them

Variable Resistor 1M

Figure: This is figure of variable resistor 1 mega ohm

Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load (see infinite switch). Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (e.g. volume controls on audio equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly control the brightness of lamps. 

TRIMMER 1M OHM 0.5W TH - 3296W-1-105LF (3296W-105LF-ND) - Potentiometers, Variable Resistors

Technical/Catalog Information	3296W-1-105LF
Vendor	Bourns Inc.
Category	Potentiometers, Variable Resistors
Resistance (Ohms)	1M
Power (Watts)	0.5W, 1/2W
Number of Turns	25
Package / Case	Square - 0.375" L x 0.190" W x 0.395" H (9.53mm x 4.83mm x 10.03mm)
Adjustment Type	Top Adjustment
Tolerance	±10%
Mounting Type	Through Hole
Temperature Coefficient	±100ppm/°C
Resistive Material	Cermet
Packaging	Tube
Lead Free Status	Lead Free
RoHS Status	RoHS Compliant
Other Names	3296W 1 105LF 3296W1105LF 3296W 105LF ND 3296W105LFND 3296W-105LF

3296W-1-105LF Specification Sheet

 

Result and Analysis:

1.   All the component are purchased 
2. Every component have a different function 
3. The data sheet of the component important because data sheet will use to refer the component specification.